BibTeX

@article{periti-etal-2024-studying-340876,
	title        = {Studying word meaning evolution through incremental semantic shift detection},
	abstract     = {The study of semantic shift, that is, of how words change meaning as a consequence of social practices, events and political circumstances, is relevant in Natural Language Processing, Linguistics, and Social Sciences. The increasing availability of large diachronic corpora and advance in computational semantics have accelerated the development of computational approaches to detecting such shift. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to tracing the evolution of word meaning over time. Our analysis focuses on gradual changes in word semantics and relies on an incremental approach to semantic shift detection (SSD) called What is Done is Done (WiDiD). WiDiD leverages scalable and evolutionary clustering of contextualised word embeddings to detect semantic shift and capture temporal transactions in word meanings. Existing approaches to SSD: (a) significantly simplify the semantic shift problem to cover change between two (or a few) time points, and (b) consider the existing corpora as static. We instead treat SSD as an organic process in which word meanings evolve across tens or even hundreds of time periods as the corpus is progressively made available. This results in an extremely demanding task that entails a multitude of intricate decisions. We demonstrate the applicability of this incremental approach on a diachronic corpus of Italian parliamentary speeches spanning eighteen distinct time periods. We also evaluate its performance on seven popular labelled benchmarks for SSD across multiple languages. Empirical results show that our results are comparable to state-of-the-art approaches, while outperforming the state-of-the-art for certain languages.},
	journal      = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
	author       = {Periti, Francesco and Picascia, Sergio and Montanelli, Stefano and Ferrara, Alfio and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	pages        = {37},
}

@inProceedings{periti-tahmasebi-2024-towards-339990,
	title        = {Towards a Complete Solution to Lexical Semantic Change: an Extension to Multiple Time Periods and Diachronic Word Sense Induction},
	abstract     = {Thus far, the research community has focused on a simplified computational modeling of semantic change between two time periods. This simplified view has served as a foundational block but is not a complete solution to the complex modeling of semantic change. Acknowledging the power of recent language models, we believe that now is the right time to extend the current modeling to multiple time periods and diachronic word sense induction. In this position paper, we outline several extensions of
the current modeling and discuss issues related to the extensions. },
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change, Aug 15, 2024, Bangkok, Thailand},
	author       = {Periti, Francesco and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address      = {Stroudsburg, PA},
	ISBN         = {979-8-89176-138-4},
}

@inProceedings{noble-etal-2024-improving-339991,
	title        = {Improving Word Usage Graphs with Edge Induction},
	abstract     = {This paper investigates edge induction as a method for augmenting Word Usage Graphs, in which word usages (nodes) are connected through scores (edges) representing semantic relatedness. Clustering (densely) annotated WUGs can be used as a way to find senses of a word without relying on traditional word sense annotation. However, annotating all or a majority of pairs of usages is typically infeasible, resulting in sparse graphs and, likely, lower quality senses. In this paper, we ask if filling out WUGs with edges predicted from the human annotated edges improves the eventual clusters. We experiment with edge induction models that use structural features of the existing sparse graph, as well as those that exploit textual (distributional) features of the usages. We find that in both cases, inducing edges prior
to clustering improves correlation with human sense-usage annotation across three different clustering algorithms and languages.},
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change, August 15, 2024, Bangkok, Thailand},
	author       = {Noble, Bill and Periti, Francesco and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address      = {Stroudsburg, PA},
	ISBN         = {979-8-89176-138-4},
}

@inProceedings{periti-etal-2024-analyzing-338831,
	title        = {Analyzing Semantic Change through Lexical Replacements},
	abstract     = {Modern language models are capable of contextualizing words based on their surrounding context. However, this capability is often compromised due to semantic change that leads to words being used in new, unexpected contexts not encountered during pre-training. In this paper, we model \textit{semantic change} by studying the effect of unexpected contexts introduced by lexical replacements. We propose a replacement schema where a target word is substituted with lexical replacements of varying relatedness, thus simulating different kinds of semantic change. Furthermore, we leverage the replacement schema as a basis for a novel interpretable model for semantic change. We are also the first to evaluate the use of LLaMa for semantic change detection. },
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
	author       = {Periti, Francesco and Cassotti, Pierluigi and Dubossarsky, Haim and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
}

@inProceedings{cassotti-etal-2024-using-338833,
	title        = {Using Synchronic Definitions and Semantic Relations to Classify Semantic Change Types},
	abstract     = {There is abundant evidence of the fact that the way words change their meaning can be classified in different types of change, highlighting the relationship between the old and new meanings (among which generalization, specialization and co-hyponymy transfer). In this paper, we present a way of detecting these types of change by constructing a model that leverages information both from synchronic lexical relations and definitions of word meanings. Specifically, we use synset definitions and hierarchy information from WordNet and test it on a digitized version of Blank's (1997) dataset of semantic change types. Finally, we show how the sense relationships can improve models for both approximation of human judgments of semantic relatedness as well as binary Lexical Semantic Change Detection. },
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
	author       = {Cassotti, Pierluigi and De Pascale, Stefano and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
}

@inProceedings{periti-tahmasebi-2024-systematic-337365,
	title        = {A Systematic Comparison of Contextualized Word Embeddings for Lexical Semantic Change},
	abstract     = {Contextualized embeddings are the preferred tool for modeling Lexical Semantic Change (LSC). Current evaluations typically focus on a specific task known as Graded Change Detection (GCD). However, performance comparison across work are often misleading due to their reliance on diverse settings. In this paper, we evaluate state-of-the-art models and approaches for GCD under equal conditions. We further break the LSC problem into Word-in-Context (WiC) and Word Sense Induction (WSI) tasks, and compare models across these different levels. Our evaluation is performed across different languages on eight available benchmarks for LSC, and shows that (i) APD outperforms other approaches for GCD; (ii) XL-LEXEME outperforms other contextualized models for WiC, WSI, and GCD, while being comparable to GPT-4; (iii) there is a clear need for improving the modeling of word meanings, as well as focus on how, when, and why these meanings change, rather than solely focusing on the extent of semantic change.},
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers), June 16-21, 2024, Mexico City, Mexico},
	author       = {Periti, Francesco and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	ISBN         = {979-8-89176-114-8},
}

@article{nielbo-etal-2024-quantitative-337356,
	title        = {Quantitative text analysis},
	abstract     = {Text analysis has undergone substantial evolution since its inception, moving from manual qualitative assessments to sophisticated quantitative and computational methods. Beginning in the late twentieth century, a surge in the utilization of computational techniques reshaped the landscape of text analysis, catalysed by advances in computational power and database technologies. Researchers in various fields, from history to medicine, are now using quantitative methodologies, particularly machine learning, to extract insights from massive textual data sets. This transformation can be described in three discernible methodological stages: feature-based models, representation learning models and generative models. Although sequential, these stages are complementary, each addressing analytical challenges in the text analysis. The progression from feature-based models that require manual feature engineering to contemporary generative models, such as GPT-4 and Llama2, signifies a change in the workflow, scale and computational infrastructure of the quantitative text analysis. This Primer presents a detailed introduction of some of these developments, offering insights into the methods, principles and applications pertinent to researchers embarking on the quantitative text analysis, especially within the field of machine learning.},
	journal      = {Nature Reviews Methods Primers},
	author       = {Nielbo, Kristoffer L. and Karsdorp, Folgert and Wevers, Melvin and Lassche, Alie and Baglini, Rebekah B. and Kestemont, Mike and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	volume       = {4},
	number       = {1},
}

@inProceedings{cassotti-etal-2024-computational-337360,
	title        = {Computational modeling of semantic change

},
	abstract     = {Languages change constantly over time, influenced by social, technological, cultural and political factors that affect how people express themselves. In particular, words can undergo the process of semantic change, which can be subtle and significantly impact the interpretation of texts. For example, the word terrific used to mean ‘causing terror’ and was as such synonymous to terrifying. Nowadays, speakers use the word in the sense of ‘excessive’ and even ‘amazing’. In Historical Linguistics, tools and methods have been developed to analyse this phenomenon, including systematic categorisations of the types of change, the causes and the mechanisms underlying the different types of change. However, traditional linguistic methods, while informative, are often based on small, carefully curated samples. Thanks to the availability of both large diachronic corpora, the computational means to model word meaning unsupervised, and evaluation benchmarks, we are seeing an increasing interest in the computational modelling of semantic change. This is evidenced by the increasing number of publications in this new domain as well as the organisation of initiatives and events related to this topic, such as four editions of the International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change LChange1, and several evaluation campaigns (Schlechtweg et al., 2020a; Basile et al., 2020b; Kutuzov et al.; Zamora-Reina et al., 2022).},
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts},
	author       = {Cassotti, Pierluigi and Periti, Francesco and De Pascale, Stefano and Dubossarsky, Haim and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
}

@inProceedings{periti-etal-2024-(chat)gpt-337358,
	title        = {(Chat)GPT v BERT Dawn of Justice for Semantic Change Detection},
	abstract     = {In the universe of Natural Language Processing, Transformer-based language models like BERT and (Chat)GPT have emerged as lexical superheroes with great power to solve open research problems. In this paper, we specifically focus on the temporal problem of semantic change, and evaluate their ability to solve two diachronic extensions of the Word-in-Context (WiC) task: TempoWiC and HistoWiC. In particular, we investigate the potential of a novel, off-the-shelf technology like ChatGPT (and GPT) 3.5 compared to BERT, which represents a family of models that currently stand as the state-of-the-art for modeling semantic change. Our experiments represent the first attempt to assess the use of (Chat)GPT for studying semantic change. Our results indicate that ChatGPT performs significantly worse than the foundational GPT version. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that (Chat)GPT achieves slightly lower performance than BERT in detecting long-term changes but performs significantly worse in detecting short-term changes.},
	booktitle    = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2024, March 17-22, 2024, St. Julian’s, Malta},
	author       = {Periti, Francesco and Dubossarsky, Haim and Tahmasebi, Nina},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	ISBN         = {979-8-89176-093-6},
}

@inProceedings{schlechtweg-etal-2024-durel-336715,
	title        = {The DURel Annotation Tool: Human and Computational Measurement of Semantic Proximity, Sense Clusters and Semantic Change},
	abstract     = {We present the DURel tool implementing the annotation of semantic proximity between word uses into an online, open source interface. The tool supports standardized human annotation as well as computational annotation, building on recent advances with Word-in-Context models. Annotator judgments are clustered with automatic graph clustering techniques and visualized for analysis. This allows to measure word senses with simple and intuitive micro-task judgments between use pairs, requiring minimal preparation efforts. The tool offers additional functionalities to compare the agreement between annotators to guarantee the inter-subjectivity of the obtained judgments and to calculate summary statistics over the annotated data giving insights into sense frequency distributions, semantic variation or changes of senses over time.},
	booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, March 17-22, 2024, St. Julians, Malta. },
	author       = {Schlechtweg, Dominik and Virk, Shafqat and Sander, Pauline and Sköldberg, Emma and Theuer Linke, Lukas and Zhang, Tuo and Tahmasebi, Nina and Schulte im Walde, Sabine},
	year         = {2024},
	publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	ISBN         = {979-8-89176-091-2},
}