@inProceedings{lundholmfors-2011-pause-146574, title = {Pause length variations within and between speakers over time}, abstract = {In the current study, intra-turn pause variation has been investigated within and between speakers in dialogues. Results show that there is a tendency for different speakers to prefer different pause locations within turns. There was further a significant correlation in the majority of the dialogues between how the median lengths of pauses varied for the speakers over the course of the dialogues. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that speakers seem to show individual patterns as to where they prefer to pause within turns, but pause length variations tend to be correlated between speakers in the same dialogue.}, booktitle = {SemDial 2011 (Los Angelogue): Proceedings of the 15th workshop on Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue.}, author = {Lundholm Fors, Kristina}, year = {2011}, pages = {198--199}, } @article{lundholmfors-villing-2011-reducing-146576, title = {Reducing cognitive load in in-vehicle dialogue system interaction}, abstract = {In-vehicle dialogue systems need to be able to adapt to the cognitive load of the user, and, when possible, reduce cognitive load. To accomplish this, we need to know how humans act while driving and talking to a passenger, and find out if there are dialogue strategies that can be used to minimize cognitive load. In this study, we have analyzed human-human in-vehicle dialogues, focusing on pauses and adjacency pairs. Our results show that when the driver is experiencing high cognitive load, the passenger’s median pause times increase. We also found that, when switching to another domain and/or topic, both driver and passenger try to avoid interrupting an adjacency pair. This suggests that a dialogue system could help lower the user’s cognitive load by increasing pause lengths within turns, and plan system utterances in order to avoid switching task within an adjacency pair.}, journal = {SemDial 2011: Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, author = {Lundholm Fors, Kristina and Villing, Jessica}, year = {2011}, pages = {55--62}, } @article{lundholmfors-2011-investigation-141540, title = {An investigation of intra-turn pauses in spontaneous speech}, abstract = {In this study, pauses within speakers’ turns are described and analysed. Tentative results show that different pauses within a speaker’s turn might differ in length. Pause length variations over time in dialogues were investigated, and in 5 out of 6 dialogues, a statistically significant correlation was found between the speakers’ variations in pause length.}, journal = {Proceedings from Fonetik 2011: TMH-QPSR}, author = {Lundholm Fors, Kristina}, year = {2011}, volume = {51}, pages = {65--68}, } @inProceedings{lundholmfors-2011-categorization-140918, title = {Categorization of pauses in conversational speech}, abstract = {Pauses are often divided into pauses between turns and pauses within turns; that is pauses where speaker change takes place, and pauses where the same speaker speaks before and after the pause. While this may be one way to categorize pauses, a further categorization will here be suggested and backed up by data. Within turns, there are two possible pause locations: a pause may occur at a possible transition relevance place (TRP), or it can occur within a syntactic unit. This suggests that when the pause occurs at a TRP, the speakers negotiate whether the current speaker shall continue speaking, or if there will be a turn change. When the speaker pauses within a syntactic unit, it is more clear that the speaker that spoke before the pause will continue after the pause. In analogy with this, at a turn change where no speaker has been nominated, speakers need to negotiate who will take the turn. When a speaker has been nominated by the previous speaker, the pause at the turn change does not include “turn negotiation.” When investigating pause lengths and variance, the pause types that do not include turn negotiation show clear similarities, as do the pauses that do include turn negotiation. It is therefore possible to conclude that when only dividing pauses into occurring between and within turns, some of the features that characterize different pause types are lost.}, booktitle = {Speaking of prosody: A symposium in conjunction with the 60th birthday of Professor Merle Horne. Lund University, May 21 2011 }, author = {Lundholm Fors, Kristina}, year = {2011}, }